Steelmaking
Browse 60 curated documents about steelmaking in The Archive — the 2RA-Edition digital library for engineering and scientific research. This collection of books, journal articles, theses, reports, and technical documents on steelmaking spans extractive metallurgy, mining engineering, chemistry, and applied science. Every document is searchable in full text; sign in to read, download, ask AI questions about any document, or generate cited research drafts with the AI Researcher.
Applications of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in iron- and steelmaking: Part 1
K. Chattopadhyay, M. Isac
This review paper explores the critical role of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in modeling iron- and steelmaking processes, which involve complex transport phenomena such as momentum, heat, and mass transfer. The objective is to evaluate how advancements in CFD over the last three decades have enhanced our understanding and operational efficiencies in these metallurgical processes. The methodo
CO2 Utilization in the Ironmaking and Steelmaking Process
Kai Dong, Xueliang Wang
Study on the resource utilization of CO2 is important for the reduction of CO2 emissions to cope with global warming and bring a beneficial metallurgical effect. In this paper, research on CO2 utilization in the sintering, blast furnace, converter, secondary refining, continuous casting, and smelting processes of stainless steel in recent years in China is carried out. Based on the foreign and dom
Key Lubrication Concepts to Understand the Role of Flow, Heat Transfer and Solidification for Modelling Defect Formation during Continuous Casting
Pavel Ernesto RAMIREZ LOPEZ, Pooria Nazem JALALI
Continuous casting (CC) is the predominant method for shaping liquid steel into solid forms, yet it is plagued by surface defects that adversely affect yield and productivity in steel production. This study aims to elucidate the role of flow, heat transfer, and solidification in the defect formation process during CC, thereby improving understanding and mitigation strategies for these challenges.
Detection and Monitoring of Continuous Casting Mould Process
Liu Xiao, Yu Yan
Modern iron and steelmaking processes necessitate efficient monitoring and control of the continuous casting mould to ensure high-quality, defect-free strands. This study aims to investigate the state of mould heat transfer through both experimental monitoring and numerical simulation methods. The methodology includes the use of thermocouples to measure temperature variations within the mould, com
Mould flux performance in continuous casting of steel
H. Take, J. W. Kim
Mould fluxes play a critical role in continuous casting of steel, which was once perceived as a mysterious area with limited scientific understanding. This study aims to elucidate the functions and performance of mould fluxes, particularly focusing on their roles in providing thermal insulation and lubrication for the steel shell during the casting process. The methodology involves analyzing the p
2001 Marco A. Ramirez Argaez Mathematical Modeling of Iron and Steel Making Processes. Modeling of a DC Electric Arc Furnace. Mixing i isijinternational.41.1146
L. Gu, G. Irons
The Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process, a significant method for steel production, has been increasingly adopted, representing nearly 40% of global crude steel output. While advancements such as Direct Current (DC-EAF) have emerged, boasting enhanced energy and electrode efficiency alongside reduced noise, the primary benefit of the DC system lies in its ability to prevent flicker effects owing to
2000 Jonas Alexis Modeling of a DC Electric Arc Furnace. Heat Transfer from the Arc isijinternational.40.1089
M. A. Ramirez, G. Trapaga
This paper presents an advanced model of a direct current (DC) electric arc for predicting heat transfer, current density, and shear stresses at the interface of the steel bath surface in an electric arc furnace (EAF). The objective is to improve control of the metallurgical processes in EAFs and ladle furnaces (LFs) by coupling various existing models to enhance the predictive accuracy of heating
2017 Shengli Wu Cold Strength and High Temperature Behaviors of Self Reducing Briquette Containing Electric Arc Furnace D isijinternational.isijint 2017 013
Shengli WU, Feng CHANG
Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is one of the by-products of the steelmaking industry. This research aims at addressing the challenges associated with EAFD by utilizing pyrometallurgy, specifically through the mixing of EAFD with anthracite to create carbon-containing briquettes for use in reductive metallurgical furnaces (RHF). The study investigates the effects of various briquetting parameters
2015 H. M. Khater Influence of electric arc furnace slag on characterisation of the produced geopolymer composites epitoanyag jsbcm.2015.13
HiSHaM M. M. KhATER
The effect of various doses of electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) – a by-product of steelmaking recovered after the oxidizing process – along with water cooled slag and cement kiln dust for the evaluation of optimum ratio of the added EAFS was studied. Results showed that the compressive strength of geopolymer specimens increases with EAFS up to 50% then decreases with further slag increase, giving
2015 Fuhai Liu Simulation and Application of Bottom Blowing in Electrical Arc Furnace Steelmaking Process isijinternational.isijint 2015 352
Fuhai LIU, Rong ZHU
This study investigates the characteristics of the flow field and the stirring effects of six bottom-blowing arrangements on the molten bath in a 75-ton electrical arc furnace (EAF). The objective was to enhance the reaction rate, improve kinetic and thermodynamic conditions, and reduce non-metallic inclusions in the steelmaking process. The methodology involved experimental water tests to measure
2014 document Electromagnetism and the Arc Efficiency of Electric Arc Steel Melting Furnaces jemaa.2014.67018
A. N. Makarov, V. V. Rybakova
This paper analytically studies the effect of electromagnetic blowing and slag height on the arc efficiency of electric arc steel melting furnaces (EAFs). It examines the interactions between the arc and furnace structure, demonstrating that when an arc is blown from under the electrode toward the walls of the furnace under the influence of electromagnetic forces, the effective output absorbed by
2011 Morshed Alam Inclined Jetting and Splashing in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking isijinternational.51.1439
Morshed ALAM, Gordon IRONS
In Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steelmaking, the phenomenon of liquid metal splashing on the furnace wall due to high-speed oxygen jets poses significant operational challenges, including wear of the furnace wall and loss of production. This study aims to investigate the impact of varying operating conditions, such as lance angle, lance height, and flow rate, on the wall splashing rate in order to o
2008 Hiroyuki Matsuura Development of a Decarburization and Slag Formation Model for the Electric Arc Furnace isijinternational.48.1197
B. P. Karadagli, R. G. C. Arora
Electric arc furnace (EAF) production of steel has significantly increased, particularly in advanced plants manufacturing high-value products. The study aims to develop a model for decarburization and slag formation based on mass balances and kinetic equations. A detailed analysis was conducted, examining melting patterns for scrap and pig iron while calculating variations in metal carbon content
Progress Toward Biocarbon Utilization in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking: Current Status and Future Prospects
Christopher DiGiovanni, Thomas Echterhof
Steel is an essential material in modern infrastructure and industry, but its production is associated with significant carbon dioxide emissions. Biocarbon utilization in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking represents a promising pathway toward reducing the carbon footprint of steel production. This review draws new perspectives on the current state of biocarbon utilization in EAF steelmaking b
Evaluation of Factors Affecting the MgO–C Refractory Lining Degradation in a Basic Oxygen Furnace
Jaroslav Demeter, Branislav Bul’ko
Identification of the factors influencing refractory lining wear and its residual thickness in the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) is a prerequisite for optimizing the steelmaking process. In this study, the factors that contribute significantly to the wear of the refractory lining in the most stressed areas of the banded lining (i.e., the trunnion ring area and slag line area) are identified. Knowledg
Visualization of Slag Data for Efficient Monitoring and Improvement of Steelmaking Slag Operation in Electric Arc Furnaces, with a Focus on MgO Saturation
Marcus Kirschen
Frequent slag sampling and analysis is still the most common method used to investigate and improve slag operation in electric arc furnaces (EAFs) for low-alloyed carbon steelmaking. An MgO saturation diagram for EAF slags was derived from phase equilibrium calculations in the system CaO–MgO–FeO–SiO2–5%Al2O3 to provide monitoring and interpretation of the slag data with respect to control of MgO s
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) Operation
Daniela Dering, Christopher Swartz
Basic oxygen furnaces (BOFs) are widely used to produce steel from hot metal. The process typically has limited automation which leads to sub-optimal operation. Economically optimal operation can be potentially achieved by using a dynamic optimization framework to provide operators the best combination of input trajectories. In this paper, a first-principles based dynamic model for the BOF that ca
Development of an Electric Arc Furnace Simulator Based on a Comprehensive Dynamic Process Model
Thomas Hay, Thomas Echterhof
A simulator and an algorithm for the automatic creation of operation charts based on process conditions were developed on the basis of an existing comprehensive electric arc furnace process model. The simulator allows direct user input and real-time display of results during the simulation, making it usable for training and teaching of electric arc furnace operators. The automatic control feature
Effect of Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) on Dephosphorization of Molten Steel by Electric Arc Furnace Slag
JUNG HO HEO, JOO HYUN PARK
We investigated the effect of direct reduced iron (DRI) addition on dephosphorization of molten steel by electric arc furnace (EAF) slag at 1823 K (1550 °C). Various phenomena such as CO gas evolution and slagmaking by gangue oxides in DRI were experimentally observed at each reaction step. Thermodynamic behaviors of phosphorus, oxygen, and carbon were strongly dependent on DRI content. Basicity,
Hybrid Method for Endpoint Prediction in a Basic Oxygen Furnace
Ruibin Wang, Itishree Mohanty
Strict monitoring and prediction of endpoints in a Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) are essential for end-product quality and overall process efficiency. Existing control models are mostly developed based on thermodynamic principles or by deploying advanced sensors. This article aims to propose a novel hybrid algorithm for endpoint temperature, carbon, and phosphorus, based on heat and mass balance and
2020 Shuang Liang Treatment of Secondary Dust Produced in Rotary Hearth Furnace through Alkali Leaching and Evaporation Cry pr8040396
Shuang Liang, Xiaoping Liang
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the extraction of KCl and the improvement of the zinc grade of secondary dust obtained from rotary-hearth-furnace secondary dust (RHF secondary dust) using alkali leaching (Na2CO3 solution) and evaporation–crystallization processes. The effects of the liquid–solid ratio and Na2CO3 content on the element leaching ratio in the alkali leachi
Possible ecological advantages from use of carbonless magnesia refractory bricks in secondary steelmaking: a framework LCA perspective
F. Boenzi
In the present paper, two types of magnesia-based refractory bricks for the wear lining of a steel ladle furnace are considered, with the aim of comparing their ecological performances. The adopted methodology is the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach from cradle-to-gate of the two brick product systems, in accordance with the European and International Standard EN ISO 14044:2006, and the chosen
Practical Implications of Using an Online Data-Driven Optimizer for Calcium-Treated Steels
SUDHANSHU KUTHE, ROMAN RO ¨ SSLER
Calcium (Ca) additions during secondary steelmaking are a well-adopted practice to transform solid oxide non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) into globular-shaped liquid oxides. This study explores the impact of varying Ca additions on NMIs in low-alloyed Ca-treated steel grades with the aim of establishing a more responsive approach to Ca treatment. The methodology involved online monitoring of NMIs st
2026 Raquel Sanchez A Comparative Thermodynamic Study of Hydrogen and Carbon Based Reduction of Liquid EAF Slags s40831 026 01566 0
Raquel Sánchez, Javier Esteban‑Quiles
With the transition toward low-carbon steelmaking, the generation of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag will substantially increase in the coming decades. With up to 45 wt.% FeO, EAF slags represent a promising secondary iron resource. Recent studies have shown the potential of molecular hydrogen to reduce molten steelmaking slags; however, the fundamental thermodynamic behavior of liquid iron oxides
2025 Tianjie Fu Digital twin driven smelting process management method for converter steelmaking s10845 024 02366 7
Tianjie Fu, Shimin Liu
The converter is an indispensable key equipment in the steel manufacturing industry. With the increasing demand for high-quality steel, there is an increasing demand for monitoring and controlling the status of the converter during the smelting process. Compared to other manufacturing industries, such as food processing and textile, converter steelmaking requires a larger keep-out zone due to its
2025 Gibeom Kim Semi quantitative Analysis of Steel Skull Formation and Causal Relationship with RH Processing Variables through Propensity Score Matching s11663
GIBEOM KIM, WOONG-HEE HAN
Steel skull formation on the refractory walls of steelmaking equipment significantly impacts process efficiency and product quality. This study investigates the causal relationship between steel skull formation and process variables in the RH (Ruhrstahl Heraeus) refining process. Using a compact vision camera for internal imaging of an RH vessel, the research employs a deep learning-based object d
2025 Hyun Jae Kim Evaporation of Cu from Molten Steel Containing C and S Under Reduced Pressure at 1650 C for Developing Refining Process of EAF Steel s40831 024
Hyun-Jae Kim, Jung-Ho Park
The evaporation of Cu from molten steel containing C and S was investigated by employing high-temperature gas–liquid reaction and kinetic mechanism analysis. To continue the development of the tramp element removal process by evaporation, the investigation was extended to reduced pressures in the present study. A systematic study was carried out with well-controlled steel chemistry in order to avo
2025 Yi Wang State of art of in situ observations of inclusion agglomeration at steel Ar and steel slag interfaces a review of recent development on experimental
Yi Wang, Jian-xun Fu
Cleanliness control of advanced steels is crucial for quality assurance in steel products. To enhance the understanding and management of inclusion removal during the refining process in molten steel, this review focuses on the dynamics of inclusions at various steel/gas/slag interfaces, a topic that has garnered significant attention in the metallurgical field. Recent advancements concerning the
2025 Daniel Kavic Enhanced Temperature Prediction in Ladle Furnace Steel Refining Hybrid Process Modeling Based on Computational Thermodynamics and Statistical L
DANIEL KAVIC´, MICHAEL BERNHARD
The ladle furnace (LF) is pivotal in secondary steelmaking, facilitating the addition of alloying elements, homogenizing the melt, and eliminating non-metallic inclusions. Precise temperature control is crucial for reducing energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions during casting. This paper presents a hybrid model for temperature prediction in the LF, starting with an extensive literature r
2026 Naziru I. Fuseini Post calcium Treatment Evolution of Alumina Al2O3 Inclusions Morphology s11663 025 03909 w
NAZIRU I. FUSEINI, RONALD J. O’MALLEY
This study investigates the post-calcium morphological evolution of Al2O3 inclusions formed under high-oxygen supersaturation (approximately 1000 ppm) in aluminum-killed, calcium-treated steel. Time-resolved sampling and quenching techniques were used, along with SEM-EDS analysis, to characterize the transition of angular two-phase CaO·Al2O3-CaS inclusions into spherical liquid 12CaO·7Al2O3 and Ca
2017 Jian long Guo Cleanliness of Ti bearing Al killed ultra low carbon steel during different heating processes s12613 017 1529 8
Jian-long Guo, Yan-ping Bao
During the production of Ti-bearing Al-killed ultra-low-carbon (ULC) steel, two different heating processes were used when the converter tapping temperature or the molten steel temperature in the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) process was low: heating by Al addition during the RH decarburization process and final deoxidation at the end of the RH decarburization process (process-I), and increasing the oxyg
Energy intensity and greenhouse gases footprint of metallurgical processes: A continuous steelmaking case study
Mansoor Barati
The demand on primary energy resources of three steelmaking technologies has been evaluated using an integrated energy analysis approach that takes into account the energy equivalent of major materials and supplies used in the process, as well as the inefficiency of electricity generation. Two new parameters, Material CO2 Footprint (MCF) and Process CO2 Footprint (PCF), are defined to provide unif
Modeling and Energy Efficiency Analysis of the Steelmaking Process in an Electric Arc Furnace
JESU´ S D. HERNA´ NDEZ, LUCA ONOFRI
This paper presents a comprehensive model of an industrial electric arc furnace (EAF) based on rigorous first-principles submodels of heat exchange and industrial experience. The model is designed for process simulation, optimization, and control applications, accounting for energy demands met by six sources, including electric arcs and oxy-fuel burners. Various mechanisms of heat exchange are pre
Process Concept for the Dry Recovery of Thermal Energy of Liquid Ferrous Slags
Felix Firsbach, Dieter Senk
Slags are valuable by-products of iron- and steelmaking processes. Their efficient reutilization and the recuperation of their thermal energy are key for improving the overall efficiency of these processes. With the innovative approach presented in this work, it is possible to recover thermal heat from liquid slags. The process concept consists of a slag tundish and four subsequent heat exchangers
Using Machine Learning for Robust Target Prediction in a Basic Oxygen Furnace System
JUHEE BAE, YURONG LI
The steel-making process in a Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) must meet a combination of target values such as final melt temperature and upper limits of carbon and phosphorus content with minimum material loss. This study aims to enhance precision in reaching the optimal blow end time (cut-off point) for these targets, which is traditionally reliant on operators' experience. Using a comprehensive prod
Coating of Biocarbon to Reduce Reactivity for Slag Foaming Applications in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking
Xianai Huang, Ka Wing Ng
As the steel industry transitions toward net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, biocarbon emerges as a promising renewable alternative to replace fossil carbon for slag foaming in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking. However, the high porosity and reactivity of biocarbon leads to technical challenges associated with injection of biocarbon and foam stability, which reduces process energy efficiency.
Deep Transformers for Analyzing BOF Steelmaking Data
MARYAM KHAKSAR GHALATI, ZHOU DANIEL HAO
This study investigates the application of advanced deep learning models, particularly transformer-based architectures, to model the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking process, with a focus on accurately predicting endpoint temperature. Achieving precise temperature predictions is critical for optimizing process parameters, enhancing product quality, and ensuring energy efficiency in BOF opera
Predicting endpoint parameters of electric arc furnace–based steelmaking using artificial neural network
Mohammad Niyayesh, Yilmaz Uygun
In steel manufacturing, the chemical composition of the raw material serves as the foundation for the properties of the final product. The objective of this study is to establish a prediction algorithm for estimating the highly nonlinear characteristics of chemical condensation of elements in an electric arc furnace. A multilayer feedforward neural network is used to estimate the fluctuations in p
Vibration and Audio Measurements in the Monitoring of Basic Oxygen Furnace Steelmaking
JUHANI NISSILA¨, MIKA PYLVA¨NA¨INEN
A basic oxygen furnace (BOF) is the main unit process for refining carbon steel. The aim of this work was to study the use of vibration and audio signal measurements to monitor, predict, and control the BOF process. Vibration and audio data from nearly 300 blows were collected and analyzed together with process variables. We could confirm high correlations between some of the process variables and
NOx Prediction of Supersonic Coherent Jets for Electric Arc Steelmaking Furnace
GOPAL PANDEY, GEOFFREY BROOKS
Supersonic coherent jets are integral to modern steelmaking processes, particularly in electric arc furnaces (EAF), where the injection of oxygen enhances liquid gas mixing and reaction rates, thereby improving energy efficiency. This study aims to analyze and predict pollutant formation, particularly nitrogen oxides (NOx), generated by these jets under various configurations, namely methane and h
Physicochemical comparison of electrosla
Ganna Polishko, Ganna Stovpchenko
The paper is devoted to comparison of electroslag remelting (ESR) with consumable electrode and electroslag refining with liquid metal (ESR LM) processes. The possibility of rearrangement of the heat contributions coming from the consumable electrode and current supplying mould (non-consumable electrode, CSM) makes the core of the ESR process organisation in the CSM. The usage of liquid metal inst
Separation of Iron and Calcium from a BSSF Steelmaking Slag Through Acid Leaching
Jeferson L. Kluga, Samuel L. S. Medeirosa
Considering the BSSF steelmaking slag generated in a Brazilian steelwork, this study aimed to separate iron and calcium from it to increase its iron content or produce Fe2O3 and CaO by selective precipitation. The methodology involved acid leaching of an industrial sample using different concentrations of hydrochloric acid (HCl). The results showed that leaching with a 2 mol.L-1 HCl solution extra
TECHNO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF RECYCLING BOF OFFGAS CLEANING SYSTEM SOLID WASTES BY USING ZINC-FREE SCRAP
Naiyang Ma
High zinc concentration in basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking offgas cleaning system solid wastes is a significant obstacle to recycling these solid wastes in the sintering-blast furnace ironmaking process. This study aims to explore the feasibility of using zinc-free scrap in the BOF steelmaking process to avoid zinc contamination in BOF offgas solid wastes, thereby enabling their recycling.
Scrap Melting in BOF: Influence of Particle Surface and Size during Dynamic Converter Modelling
Florian Markus Penz, Johannes Schenk
The increase in Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) plants in steel making has given rise to renewed interest in a dynamic simulation of the BOF process. Material and process costs can be saved with optimized process times and targeted charging of scrap and slag formers. Beside hot metal, scrap is the main source of iron in the BOF process. Furthermore, scrap is used as a coolant during the process due to
Tenova’s Intelligent i BOF® Technology, A Modular Package for BOF Process Improvement
Armando Vazquez
This paper provides an overview of Tenova’s modular i BOF® technology package aimed at improving endpoint detection, slop detection, and auto-tapping control, focusing on the Slop Detection System (SDS). Accurate slopping prediction is crucial in Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) operations, offering steelmakers a protective tool to enhance yield and productivity while minimizing operating costs. The i B
The role of steelmaking desulfurisation and EAF-smelter in hydrogen-based steelmaking route of low-grade iron ores
Q Fan
The transition to hydrogen-based steelmaking processes presents significant challenges and opportunities for the steelmaking industry, particularly in relation to the handling of sulfur-rich low-grade iron ores. This paper investigates the role of desulfurisation in the hydrogen-based direct reduction iron (DRI)-smelter-boF route and the impact of sulfur content from iron ore on this process. An a
State of the Art Gas Cleaning and Utilization for BOF Gases: Operational Results and Benefits
Thomas Germershausen, Christian Fröhling
Worldwide BOF-based steel plants are faced with demanding environmental requests and rising energy costs. The objective of this study is to assess the operational results of cleaning technologies for primary gases from BOF through extensive field measurements at existing gas cleaning plants. The methodology includes benchmarking data from various BOF plants globally, focusing on the direct relatio
Influence of Converter Slag on Decomposition Behavior of Limestone During BOF Steelmaking Process
Hua Lu, Chenxiao Li
Directly charging limestone into slag in BOF is a newly emerging technique which breaks through the traditional BOF slagging principle. It is necessary to study the decomposition behavior of limestone in converter slag during BOF steelmaking. FeO x, SiO 2, MnO x and pre-melting slags were mixed with limestone according to different quality proportions to simulate the environment of limestone in co
Innovative Solutions for Recycling of By-Products
Jörg Schwelberger, Gerald Wimmer
Government regulations around the world concerning environmental care are becoming more stringent, including regulations on the deposition and use of dust, sludge, and slag generated in the iron and steelmaking process. By-products such as iron-contaminated dust, sludge, oxide fines, mill scales, and slag have become valuable resources, making recycling a potentially profitable activity within ste
ENHANCED PERFORMANCE OF BOF HOOD IN STEEL MILLS WITH COMPOSITE TUBE TECHNOLOGY
Felipe Beluche Lima, Caio Augusto Silva Santos
Brazil is the largest producer of crude steel in the Americas by BOF process and many challenges come along with the increasing market demand. This study aims to address the premature failures associated with the overlay welded tube technology in BOF hood structures. The methodology focuses on using co-extruded tube technology, referred to as composite tube by Sandvik, which provides a significant
Outlet Port Design of Swirling Flow Subm
Yuichi TSUKAGUCHI, Osamu NAKAMURA
In continuous casting processes, controlling the flow pattern in the mold is crucial for ensuring the quality of the steel products. This study presents a novel technology for swirling flow formation in submerged entry nozzles, aimed at improving flow characteristics during steel casting. A collaborative effort initiated in 1997 involving the Nippon Institute of Technology, Osaka University, Kyush
AISTech 2007, Steelmaking Conference Proc.
Multiple Authors
The AISTech 2007 conference, held from May 7 to 10 in Indianapolis, Indiana, provided a platform for industry professionals and academics to discuss advancements in steelmaking technologies and innovations. The objective of the proceedings is to present recent developments and research findings relevant to the steel industry, thereby fostering collaboration and knowledge sharing among participants
Review on interaction between slag, steel and inclusions in secondary steelmaking
Lauri Holappa, Sonja Nurmi
The refining function of slags in ladle metallurgy comprises desulphurization and capture of inclusions, which are removed from the steel melt during the deoxidation procedure. This review explores the interactive dynamics between slag and steel, emphasizing the beneficial roles of slag in the metallurgy process, including its passive shrouding function to protect steel from atmospheric oxidation
Rate of MgO Pickup in Alumina Inclusions
DEEPOO KUMAR, PETRUS CHRISTIAAN PISTORIUS
This work aims to clarify the rate and mechanism of MgO pickup by alumina inclusions and the effect of oxide impurities in MgO crucibles on this transformation. Two MgO crucibles from different batches from the same supplier were used in laboratory experiments with Al-killed steel. A kinetic model was developed, based on mass-transfer control in the liquid steel. Rate constants were fitted using i
Physico chemical aspects of the behaviou
Christian Gatellier, Henri Gaye
Adequate physical and mechanical properties for numerous steel grades can be achieved only through precise control of the composition, morphology, and plasticity of oxide and sulfide inclusions present in the product. This study aims to analyze the behavior of these inclusions during the processing of liquid metal, focusing on deoxidation practices, calcium treatment, and slag-metal reactions. By
Oxide Inclusions at Different Steps of S
Yousef Payandeh, Mansour Soltanieh
The formation of oxide inclusions in one of the carbon steel productions of Mobarakeh Steel Complex of Isfahan has been evaluated. Several samples from different steps of steel production were taken, including from the arc furnace, ladle furnace, tundish, and continuous casting mold. Additionally, samples of slab and hot rolling products were prepared for analysis. The samples were investigated us
On Interaction Between Slag Steel and In
Lauri Holappa, Sonja Nurmi
The refining function of slags in ladle metallurgy involves the desulphurization process and the removal of inclusions from the steel melt during the deoxidation procedure. This review aims to explore the significant interaction between slag and steel, which enhances the overall efficiency of secondary steelmaking. The methodology includes a comprehensive examination of existing literature related
Non metallic inclusions in aluminium kil
R. Dekkers, B. Blanpain
This study investigates the presence and evolution of non-metallic inclusions in aluminium killed steels during ladle treatments. The objective is to characterize various inclusion morphologies and assess their impact on the steel quality. Methodologically, heats of medium and low carbon aluminium killed steels were sampled at short time intervals during the ladle process. Non-metallic inclusions
Material Evaluation to Prevent Nozzle Cl
K. Oguri, Y. Vermeulen
The continuous casting process is critical in the production of steel, constituting 90% of global steel output; submerged entry nozzles (SENs) play a pivotal role in maintaining the stability and quality of the casting operation. This study investigates the clogging phenomenon of SENs, which inhibits normal casting operations due to material deposition. By focusing on the interactions between liqu
Investigation of inclusion re entrainmen
D. BOURIS, G. BERGELES
The mechanism of inclusion elimination from continuous steel casting is investigated at the steel-slag interface. The study focuses on the energy balance that dictates whether inclusions are retained at the interface or can be assimilated into the slag. Factors such as the properties of inclusions, slag, and steel, alongside inclusion impact velocities, are analyzed. The findings indicate that low