Steelmaking
Browse 60 curated documents about steelmaking in The Archive — the 2RA-Edition digital library for engineering and scientific research. This collection of books, journal articles, theses, reports, and technical documents on steelmaking spans extractive metallurgy, mining engineering, chemistry, and applied science. Every document is searchable in full text; sign in to read, download, ask AI questions about any document, or generate cited research drafts with the AI Researcher.
Hybrid Deterministic, Regression and Machine Learning Framework for Endpoint Temperature Prediction and Scrap Charge Optimization in BOF Steelmaking
Marek Laciak, Ján Kaˇ cur
Scrap charge selection has a significant influence on the thermal balance of the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) process and consequently on the final melt temperature. This paper presents a hybrid deterministic, regression, and machine learning framework for endpoint temperature prediction and steel scrap charge optimization in BOF steelmaking. The proposed methodology combines an existing determinist
A Physics-Aware and Interpretable Framework for Predicting Cumulative Decarburization in Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) Steelmaking
Jiazhe An, Yuxin Tan
Accurate endpoint control in basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking is essential for reducing production costs and improving steel quality. To overcome the limited mechanism support and poor transparency of purely data-driven models, this study proposes a physics-aware and interpretable framework for cumulative decarburization prediction based on real industrial data. Historical multi-heat data fr
Analysis of EAF Energy Efficiency Characteristics Based on Industrial Data and Energy Balance
Hongjin Zhang, Guangsheng Wei
Improving energy efficiency of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking is a key pathway for the iron and steel industry to achieve carbon neutrality. Based on statistical data from 56 industrial EAFs, this study established and validated a comprehensive mass and energy balance model with a verification error of less than 5% and systematically quantified the effects of furnace type, furnace capacity
Application Status and Development Trend of Continuous Casting Reduction Technology: A Review
Yi Nian, Liqiang Zhang
Continuous casting is a dominant steelmaking process due to its steady-state nature, enhanced yield of steel production, and low consumption of energy and manpower. However, the production of defect-free cast products is still a big challenge, as the internal defects, including macro-segregation of alloying elements, cracks, and pores, can be easily formed during the solidification process, which
Evaluation of Energy Utilization Efficiency and Optimal Energy Matching Model of EAF Steelmaking Based on Association Rule Mining
Lingzhi Yang, Zhihui Li
In the iron and steel industry, evaluating the energy utilization efficiency (EUE) and determining the optimal energy matching mode play an important role in addressing increasing energy depletion and environmental problems. Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steelmaking is a typical short crude steel production route, characterized by an energy-intensive fast smelting rhythm and diversified raw charge st
Metals 2023, 13, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/met13010002
Qingting Qian, Qianqian Dong
Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) steelmaking is an important way for steel production. Correctly recognizing different blowing periods and abnormal refining states is significant to ensure the normal production process, while accurately predicting the end-point time helps to increase the first-time qualification rate of molten steel. Since the decarburization products CO and CO2 are the main composition
A Bayesian Physics-Informed Neural Network for End-Point Carbon Prediction and Risk-Aware Control in Electric Arc Furnaces
YANGCHUN WANG, LIGUANG ZHU
The precise prediction of end-point carbon content in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking is crucial for maintaining liquid steel quality and optimizing refining costs; however, traditional data-driven models are inadequate due to the strong non-linearity and transient dynamics of the EAF process. This paper presents a novel framework integrating a Bayesian Physics-Informed Neural Network (BPIN
Mass Balance Modeling for Electric Arc Furnace and Ladle Furnace System in Steelmaking Facility in Turkey
Ismail Ekmekci, YaSar Yetisken
In steel production, scrap steel is predominantly used in electric arc furnace (EAF) processes. This study aims to model the chemical reactions associated with EAF and ladle furnace (LF) systems in steelmaking to understand their mass balance. The methodology involved developing a mass balance model that incorporates various alloying elements and accounts for the chemical composition of scrap stee
659380026 Electric Arc Furnace
JANAK KUMAR
The Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) represents a significant advancement in steel production, employing high-power electric arcs to melt recycled steel scrap into high-quality steel. The primary objective was to optimize the conversion of raw materials into liquid crude steel efficiently, followed by precise refinement in secondary steelmaking processes. The study utilized data on energy consumption an
808513634 SM Module 2
Dr. Trinath Talapaneni
This document presents a comprehensive overview of steelmaking processes, highlighting essential technologies used in the metallurgy field, such as the Bessemer process, open hearth technology, and modern methods like basic oxygen furnace (BOF) and electric arc furnace (EAF). The objective is to provide students and professionals with an understanding of the fundamental principles and innovations
267437735 The Basic Oxygen Steelmaking BOS Process
John Stubbles
The Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) process accounts for 60% of the global crude steel output and is pivotal to modern steel production. This study aims to elucidate the operational mechanics and benefits of the BOS process compared to other methods, particularly the electric arc furnace (EAF). The methodology involved a comprehensive review of existing literature and industry practices to analyze
440806398 Ironmaking and Steelmaking 1 pdf
Zushu Li, Claire Davis
The Special Issue on Ironmaking and Steelmaking focuses on recent advancements in the field, including innovative techniques and processes employed in metallurgy. The objective of this compilation is to disseminate current research findings and methodologies utilized in improving iron and steel production efficiency. Methodologically, articles in this issue leverage experimental studies, as well a
797195654 Advances in Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes (1)
Pasquale Cavaliere
This special issue focuses on the latest advances in the fields of ironmaking and steelmaking processes, addressing the critical need for sustainable practices in the industry. The objective is to compile research findings that explore innovative technologies and methodologies that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve energy efficiency in these processes. Employing a combination of expe
Development of Low Emission Integrated S
Sharif Jahanshahi, John G. Mathieson
This paper provides a summary of the progress made over the 8 years of an R&D program that focused on the development of know-how and processes that could result in substantial reduction in net CO2 emission by the steel industry. The processes that were developed covered introduction of renewable carbon and energy sources as well as minimising waste heat from processes. The current status of each
Current Status and Future Direction of L
S Jahanshahi, A Deev
In 2006 the Australian steel industry and CSIRO initiated an R&D program to reduce the industry’s net greenhouse emission by at least 50%. Given that most of the CO2 emissions in steel production occur during the reduction of iron ore to hot metal through use of coal and coke, a key focus of this program has been to substitute these with renewable carbon (charcoal) sourced from sustainable sources
2024 Ah lung Casting Atmosphere Low Alloy Steel
Guillaume Ah-lung, Ayyoube Barchid
This study aims to provide insights into the experimental conditions used during the melting/casting process and subsequent thermal treatments of low-alloy steels, particularly regarding recycled scrap metals. As sustainable practices in metallurgy gain importance, optimizing scrap metal recycling is crucial for producing steel grades with desired chemical compositions, microstructures, and physic
2025 Li Blast Furnace Profile Efficiency
JUNJIE LI, LULU JIAO
This research addresses the optimization of blast furnace (BF) profiles to enhance energy efficiency, amidst the rising global steel consumption and associated carbon emissions. The objective is to systematically analyze the effects of key variables on BF geometry, using a 3D BF process model across a volume range of 1000 to 5000 m³. Methodologically, the study identifies optimal BF geometries und
2026 Gaiser Ni Surface Crack Continuous Casting 10.1007 s11663 026 04185 y
GEORG GAISER, ROBERT LITTRINGER
The increased use of low-quality scrap leads to higher concentrations of unwanted tramp elements in steel, such as Cu, Sn, and Ni, which can significantly affect downstream processing by causing surface hot shortness during continuous casting or hot rolling. This study focuses on the role of Ni in mitigating hot shortness caused by Cu and Sn in continuous casting for a medium-carbon construction s
2026 Ahmed EAF Oxy Fuel Burner Thermal Response
MOBASHIR AHMED, RONY KUMER SAHA
Modern oxy-fuel burner/injectors in electric arc furnaces (EAFs) play a crucial role in the melting of scrap steel and refining processes. However, the intense thermal conditions they endure can lead to operational inefficiencies and safety hazards. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of high-resolution Rayleigh backscattering-based fiber optic sensors, located within the oxy-fuel burner/i
Basic Tundish Powder Evaluation for Cont
Sima Aminorroaya, Kamran Azari
In the contemporary steel industry, the demand for high-quality and clean steel products is paramount due to competitive market pressures. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tundish powders in continuous casting processes, emphasizing their roles in reducing inclusions and oxidation during steel production. A systematic methodology was employed, involving the characterization of various t
Study of the Deskulling Problem of Tundi
M. H. Amin, Z. Yu
This paper reports an investigation carried out on the deskulling problem of tundishes at the Mobarakeh Steel Plant in Iran. Bad deskulling of tundishes is a major problem in continuous casting of steel, stemming from chemical reactions between the refractory lining and slag carry over from ladle to tundish. A post-mortem analysis of the slag/commercial magnesia-olivine mix refractory interface wa
Experimental Study of non metallic inclu
Jennie K.S. SVENSSON, Erik ROOS
In recent years, the steel industry has seen increasing demands for higher product quality, which necessitates an in-depth understanding of non-metallic inclusions that could compromise steel reliability. This study specifically examines the behavior of non-metallic inclusions in the tundish during the continuous casting process of steel. The methodology involved collecting steel samples from vari
Transient steel quality under non isothe
S. Chatterjee, K. Chattopadhyay
A numerical model based on computational fluid dynamics was used to simulate the effect of non-isothermal conditions on melt flows in a multi-strand billet caster tundish. To start with, water was used as the operating fluid in a one-third scale tundish to calculate the fluid flow and temperature fields under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The model was then extended to the full-scale t
Reduction of Tundish Skull and Yield Imp
Dipak Mazumdar, O. P. Singh
New types of furniture, also termed as flow modifiers or baffles, were incorporated in industrial scale slab and bloom casting tundish systems with an aim to reduce residual metal loss (i.e., tundish skull) at the end of sequence casting. To this end, water model experiments were carried out in which slag vortexing phenomena during emptying of tundish was studied embodying different types of furni
Physical Modelling of Tundish Slag Entra
K. MICHALEK, K. GRYC
This paper deals with the issue of physical modelling of vortex creation and tundish slag entrainment over the mouth of the nozzle into individual casting strands. The objective is to evaluate the current conditions of steel casting using different impact pads in the tundish. A physical model equivalent to the operational continuous casting machine No. 2 in TŘINECKÉ ŽELEZÁRNY, a.s. was developed,
Numerical model of liquid metal flow in
Manas Vasantrao More, Sandip Kumar Saha
The optimum condition for clean steel production in the tundish of a continuous casting process reactor can be obtained using numerical modelling. Five different arrangements of flow modifier in the form of impact pad systems deployed in an eight ton, delta shaped, and two strand bloom caster tundish are analysed and optimum design of the impact pad to improve the inclusion removal efficiency is e
Modelling performance of four strand 12
S. K. Ray, M. Isac
The performance of a 12 t, delta shaped, four-strand, billet casting tundish was investigated using a full scale (1 : 1) isothermal model with water as the simulating fluid for steel. The study aimed to enhance steel quality by analyzing various flow modifying arrangements within the tundish. Three different modelling experiments were executed, measuring quantifiable performance indicators such as
Modelling of flow behaviour in continuou
Rajeev Kumar Singh, Amitava Paul
The study investigates the flow behavior in a continuous casting tundish as Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) explores increasing its capacity from 17 to 25 tonnes. The objective is to characterize various tundish configurations to identify the optimal design for enhanced operational capacity. A 3-D steady-state mathematical simulation was employed to analyze the flow profile of molten steel und
Mathematical modelling of the geometry i
Lino Garcla-Demedices, Rodolfo D. Morales
Simple changes on tundish geometry may lead to significant improvements of transport phenomena of liquid steel in tundishes. In the present case, steel flow in a six-strand billet trough type tundish is mathematically simulated. Numerical results indicate the existence of high fluid turbulence in the pouring zone and recirculating flows. Steel temperatures in the strands are also different, which
Experimental Methods of Validation for N
K. Jeżowiecka-Kabsch, H. Szewczyk
The operation of metallurgical reactors is characterized by high temperatures and aggressive environments, which complicate experimental research in industrial conditions. This study aims to highlight the importance of model-based testing as an essential research tool for empirical identification and analysis of hydrodynamic phenomena in metallurgical reactors. The research utilized a hybrid model
Design and Plant Experience Using an Adv
Jorge MADIAS, Diego MARTIN
This paper discusses the design and implementation of a refractory device aimed at improving the liquid steel flow in the tundish of the ACINDAR billet, bloom, and minislab caster, based on water and mathematical modeling work. The objective was to enhance the flow behavior by reducing slag emulsification and minimizing the steel's contact with air during ladle changes. The methodology involved th
The Advantages of Application of the Sph
Branislav BUĽKO, Peter DEMETER
To meet the increasing cleanliness requirements in conticast steel production, innovative solutions must be developed. The tundish, as the final refractory-lined reactor, provides ample space to eliminate inclusions through optimization of the steel flow. The key component of the tundish is the impact pad, which determines the flow pattern of steel and is crucial for tundish metallurgy. To prevent
2026 Botinha Chromium Low Carbon Steelmaking Review
Roberta Botinha, Frank N. H. Schrama
The steel industry is transitioning toward decarbonization and increased circularity, driving a growing dependence on scrap. However, limited availability of high-quality scrap forces producers to use more mixed or lower grade scrap streams, increasing variability in tramp element content—especially chromium. As a result, maintaining controlled chromium levels in liquid steel has become challengin
INTELLIGENT CONTROL OF THE ELECTRIC – ARC STEELMAKING PROCESS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
TADEUSZ WIECZOREK
Rozwój metod tzw. inteligencji obliczeniowej pozwala na łączenie tradycyjnego modelowania z modułami sztucznej inteligencji, jak np. Sztuczne Sieci Neuronowe (SSN). Prowadzi to do budowy tzw. Inteligentnych Systemów Informatycznych, których możliwości są praktycznie nieograniczone. Oparte na SSN modele pozycjonowania elektrod pieca, przewidywania zużycia energii elektrycznej i czasu końca wytopu w
Microtexture Performance of EAF Slags Used as Aggregate in Asphalt Mixes: A Comparative Study with Surface Properties of Natural Stones
Rosolino Vaiana, Filippo Balzano
Steelmaking industries produce a large amount of solid wastes that need to be adequately managed in order to ensure environmental sustainability and reduce the impact of their disposal on earth pollution. Electric arc furnace (EAF) slags are those wastes deriving from secondary steelmaking production; these slags can be re-used and recycled in many industrial applications such as the production of
Reoxidation Behavior of the Direct Reduced Iron and Hot Briquetted Iron during Handling and Their Integration into Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking: A Review
Lina Kieush, Stefanie Lesiak
This paper studies the integration of direct reduced iron (DRI) and hot briquetted iron (HBI) into the steelmaking process via an electric arc furnace (EAF). Considering a variety of DRI production techniques distinguished by different reactor types, this paper provides a comparative overview of the current state. It delves into significant challenges, such as the susceptibility of DRI to reoxidat
Evaluation of Energy Utilization Efficiency and Optimal Energy Matching Model of EAF Steelmaking Based on Association Rule Mining
Lingzhi Yang, Zhihui Li
In the iron and steel industry, evaluating the energy utilization efficiency (EUE) and determining the optimal energy matching mode play an important role in addressing increasing energy depletion and environmental problems. Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steelmaking is a typical short crude steel production route, which is characterized by an energy-intensive fast smelting rhythm and diversified raw
Characteristics of the Supersonic Combustion Coherent Jet for Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking
Fei Zhao, Rong Zhu
Herein, a supersonic combustion coherent jet is proposed based on current coherent jet technology to improve the impact capacity of a coherent jet and increase the stirring intensity of the electric arc furnace (EAF) bath. Further, numerical simulations and an experimental analysis are combined to study the supersonic combustion coherent jet characteristics, including the Mach number, dynamic pres
Numerical Simulation of Bottom-Blowing Stirring in Different Smelting Stages of Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking
Hang Hu, Lingzhi Yang
Electric arc furnace (EAF) steel bottom-blowing can effectively improve the temperature and composition uniformity of the molten pool during smelting process. To explore the effect of molten-steel characteristics on bottom-blowing at various stages of smelting, we divided the smelting process of the EAF into four stages: the melting stage, the early decarburization stage, the intermediate smelting
Feature Engineering to Embed Process Knowledge: Analyzing the Energy Efficiency of Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking
Quantum Zhuo, Mansour N. Al-Harbi
The importance of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking is expected to increase worldwide as parts of the industry transition to lower carbon dioxide emissions. This work analyzed one year’s operational data from an EAF plant that uses a large proportion of direct-reduced iron (DRI) in the furnace feed. The data were used to test different approaches to quantifying the effects of process conditio
Fluid Flow Characteristic of EAF Molten Steel with Different Bottom-Blowing Gas Flow Rate Distributions
Zeshi YANG, Lingzhi YANG
As one of the two main steelmaking methods, electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking has many advantages, such as low investment, low cost, and environmental safety. This study aims to improve the dynamic conditions of molten steel in EAF steelmaking by utilizing an efficient stirring method known as bottom-blowing technology. A numerical model was developed to simulate the 3D multiphase flows, inco
Effect of Main Gas Composition on Flow Field Characteristics of Supersonic Coherent Jets with CO2 and O2 Mixed Injection (COMI) at Steelmaking Temperature
Guangsheng WEI, Rong ZHU
As an efficient oxygen supplying technology, coherent jets are widely applied in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking processes to strengthen chemical energy input, speed up smelting rhythm and promote the uniformity of molten bath temperature and compositions. Recently, the supersonic coherent jets with CO2 and O2 mixed injection (COMI) was proposed and through industrial experiments, it can be
Phosphorus Equilibrium Between Liquid Iron and CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-FeO-P2O5 Slags: EAF Slags, the Effect of Alumina and New Correlation
Andre N. Assis, Mohammed A. Tayeb
The increased use of electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking using up to 100% direct reduced iron (DRI) has prompted an interest in better control of phosphorus since iron ore and, consequently, DRI have higher phosphorus and silica compared to scrap. There is limited work reported on slag chemistries corresponding to that in the EAF when DRI is used. In the current research, phosphorus equilibria
Slag foaming in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking
K. Ito, R. J. Fruehan
Slag foaming in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking plays a crucial role in enhancing productivity by protecting refractories and enabling higher power input. The objective of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of slag foaming, specifically focusing on the interactions between carbon and FeO in the slag that produce CO to generate foam. Methodologically, a combination of experimental m
ISIJ International, Vol. 49 (2009), No. 10, pp. 1513–1521
L. Hong, M. Hirasawa
The increasing use of electric arc furnaces (EAF) for steel production has prompted exploration into alternative carbon sources, especially in the context of limited natural gas availability. This study aims to assess the feasibility of using waste tyres as a carbon source in EAF steelmaking, evaluating both energy and economic implications. Through experimental trials conducted at facilities that
Optical Emission Analysis of Slag Surface Conditions and Furnace Atmosphere during Different Process Stages in Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)
Matti AULA, Ari MÄKINEN
In electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking, the process control has traditionally been managed by operators, with current automation levels preventing full dynamic control. This study aimed to enhance process understanding by utilizing an innovative method of on-line in situ optical emission spectroscopy. Optical emission spectra were measured at Outokumpu Stainless Oy's Tornio works over the span
An Empirical Comparative Study of Renewable Biochar and Fossil Carbon as Carburizer in Steelmaking
Ryan ROBINSON, Liviu BRABIE
In response to climate targets set by the Swedish Climate Act aimed at achieving net-zero greenhouse emissions by 2045, this study investigates the potential of renewable biochar as a replacement for fossil carbon in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking. The objective is to establish an experimental basis for biochar's performance as a carburizing agent, given that a significant portion of green
Future Research and Developments on Reuse and Recycling of Steelmaking By-Products
Valentina Colla, Teresa Annunziata Branca
In the steel sector, sustainable management of by-products is a key challenge to preserve natural resources and achieve the zero waste goal. In this paper, the main trends of future research and development on reuse and recycling of by-products of the steel industry are presented in the form of a roadmap, which is the outcome of a dissemination project funded by the European Union based on the ana
Dynamic Modeling of the Main Blow in Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Using Measured Step Responses
CAROLIEN KATTENBELT, B. ROFFEL
In the control and optimization of basic oxygen steelmaking, it is crucial to understand how control variables influence the process, particularly during the main blow period when significant changes occur. This study aims to develop a dynamic model that correlates the decarburization rate and oxygen accumulation rate with variations in oxygen blowing rate, lance height, and iron ore addition. Mea
059 Recent Progress of EPM in Steelmaking Casting and Solidification Processing
A. Radjai, K. Miwa
This paper reviews the recent trends in electromagnetic processing of materials with a focus on its applications in steelmaking and solidification. The objective is to elucidate the advancements made in utilizing electromagnetic fields for improving quality and efficiency in casting processes. Various methodologies, including the use of high magnetic fields and electromagnetic vibrations, are expl
058 Low Emission Steelmaking
Sharif Jahanshahi, John G. Mathieson
Steel is a crucial material utilized across various industries, with significant contributions to global production rates. Over the last few decades, the steel sector has achieved notable advancements in energy efficiency, resulting in a reduction of specific energy consumption by approximately 60%. This reduction aligns closely with a decrease in CO2 emissions, with current emissions at about 2.2
054 Prediction Model of End point Manganese Content for BOF Steelmaking Process
Zhou WANG, Jian CHANG
This study analyzes the factors affecting end-point manganese content in the BOF steelmaking process, aiming to develop a reliable predictive model. A multiple linear regression model was constructed based on actual production data to predict the end-point manganese content. To enhance prediction accuracy, an artificial neural network (ANN) approach was employed, resulting in the establishment of
047 Prediction of Temperature and Carbon Concentration in Oxygen Steelmaking by Machine Learning A Comparative Study
Ján Kaˇ cur, Patrik Flegner
The basic oxygen steelmaking process (BOS) faces the issue of the absence of information about the melt temperature and the carbon concentration in the melt. Although deterministic models for predicting steelmaking process variables are being developed in metallurgical research, machine-learning models can model the nonlinearities of process variables and provide a good estimate of the target proc
046 Integrating Metallurgical Mechanisms and Explainable Deep Learning Methods to Predict Phosphorus Content in Electri
Hongbin Lu, Hongchun Zhu
This study explores the integration of metallurgical mechanisms and explainable deep learning methods to enhance the prediction of phosphorus content during electric arc furnace steelmaking. The objective is to improve the operational efficiency and quality of steel production. A novel approach combining mechanistic models with state-of-the-art machine learning techniques was employed to analyze t
042 Experimental Research on Reducing the Dust of BOF in CO2 and O2 Mixed Blowing Steelmaking Process
L. F. Wang, S. H. Zhao
In the conventional steelmaking process, dust generation poses a significant challenge, resulting in reduced recovery rates of metal and increased energy consumption. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effects of a stepped carbon dioxide (CO2) blowing rate on dust generation during the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) process, contributing to greener steel production methods. Empl
040 The relationship between 100Cr6 steelmaking inclusion microstructure and rolling contact fatigue performance
Hanwei Fu, Pedro E. J. Rivera-D´ ıaz-del-Castillo
A processing-microstructure-performance approach is followed to study three bearing steel samples manufactured from the most frequently used continuous casting routes. The inclusion microstructures of the samples were altered by varying the metallurgy and hot working conditions. Inclusion size distribution information is obtained, showing the steel-making route that results in the highest cleanlin
036 On Line Flatness Measurement in the Steelmaking Industry
Julio Molleda, Rubén Usamentiaga
Shape is a key characteristic to determine the quality of outgoing flat-rolled products in the steel industry, significantly influenced by flatness, a feature that describes the surface's proximity to a plane. This review paper aims to survey the techniques and main sensors used in the steelmaking industry for flatness measurement, highlighting its importance for downstream processes and customer
035 Recycling Waste Polymers in EAF Steelmaking Influence of Polymer Composition on Carbon Slag Interactions
Somyote KONGKARAT, Rita KHANNA
The increasing emphasis on sustainability in the steel industry has prompted investigations into the use of waste polymers as an alternative carbon resource in electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking. This study aimed to explore how the composition of blended metallurgical coke and polymers influences carbon/slag interactions at elevated temperatures (1,550°C). Employing a sessile drop arrangement,
033 Future Steelmaking Model by Direct Reduction Technologies
Takao HARADA, Hidetoshi TANAKA
Steel production traditionally relies on iron ore and coal, contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. This review examines the future of steelmaking with a focus on direct reduction technologies, addressing the environmental impact of the BF–BOF route, which currently dominates crude steel production. With global production anticipated to rise, the pressures created by the depletion
026 Research Progress on Injection Technology in Converter Steelmaking Process
Ming Lv, Shuangping Chen
During the converter steelmaking process, gas-slag-metal three-phase emulsification is realized by injecting gas to complete metallurgical tasks such as slagging, dephosphorization, decarburization, and heating. As green and intelligent development of the steel industry progresses, converter steelmaking injection technology is also constantly innovating. In this review, the types and applications